LONG ANSWER QUESTION
Attempt any TWO questions.
1) Differentiate between system software and application software. Discuss the structure of a computer system along with its block diagram. (4+6)
Ans:
Application Software
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System Software
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It is user oriented software.
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It is hardware oriented software.
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It is developed to solve particular problem.
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It is developed to operate or manage the hardware components.
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It is usually not provided by the hardware developer, user has to add as per need.
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It is usually provided by the hardware developer along with the hardware.
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It is usually expensive.
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It is either cheaper or provided free of cost.
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A computer runs without application software.
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A computer cannot be operated without system software.
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It is comparatively easier to develop.
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It is difficult to develop and require high level intelligence.
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Application software can be developed without the knowledge of computer hardware.
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To develop system software, user should have deep knowledge of computer hardware.
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Eg. MS office package, Tally, Banking.
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Eg. MS windows, Android, Device driver.
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All types of computers follow a same basic logical structure and perform the following five basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users.
Following diagram shows the basic structure of Computer:
Input Unit
This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit makes link between user and computer. The input devices translate the information into the form understandable by computer.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program). It controls the operation of all parts of computer.
CPU itself has following three components
- ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
- Memory Unit
- Control Unit
Output Unit
Output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from computer. This unit is a link between computer and users. Output devices translate the computer’s output into the form understandable by users.
2) What is operating system? Discuss different types and different functions of operating system. (2+8)
Ans:
An operating system is a collection of programs that acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute the programs.
The different types of operating system are:
- Batch processing operating system - In a batch processing operating system environment, user submit jobs to a central place where these jobs are collected into a batch and subsequently placed on an input queue at the computer where they will be run.
- Time sharing operating system - In this operating system, a computer provides computing services to several or many users concurrently on line.
- Real time operating system - It is designed to service those applications where response time is of the essence in order to prevent error, misrepresentation or even disaster. Eg. Operating system handling airlines reservation, machine tool control and monitoring of a nuclear plant.
- Multiprogramming operating system - It is a system that allows more than one active user program (or part of user program) to be stored in main memory simultaneously. A time sharing system is a multiprogramming system but a multiprogramming system is not necessarily a time sharing system.
- Multiprocessing system - It is a computer hardware configuration that includes more than one independent processing unit. Eg. Computer hardware complexes found in major scientific or commercial applications.
- Network operating system - It is the collection of physically interconnected computers. The operating system of each of the interconnected computers must contain provisions for handling communication and transfer of program and data among the other computers with which it is connected.
- Distributed operating system - A distributed computing system consists of a number of computer that are connected and managed so they automatically share the job processing load among the constituent computers, or separate the job load as appropriate particularly configured processors.
- Operating systems for embedded devices - An embedded systems (such as cellphones, washing machine, juice mixture, industrial robot control, etc.) become more complex hardware wise with every generation. So it requires specific operating system. Eg. Nexus’s Conix, Sun’s Java OS, Palm computing’s Palm OS, etc.
The different functions of operating system are:
- Security - The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.
- Control over system performance - Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. Records the response time between service requests and system response to have a complete view of the system health.
- Job accounting - Operating system keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of user.
- Error detecting aids - Operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning of computer system.
- Coordination between other softwares and users - Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers and other software to the various users of the computer systems.
- Memory management - The operating system manages the Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is a fast storage and it can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a program to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory.
- Processor management - In a multi programming environment, the OS decides the order in which processes have access to the processor, and how much processing time each process has.
- Device management - An OS manages device communication via their respective drivers. It keeps tracks of all devices connected to system.
3) Discuss GIS and remote sensing. Discuss different remote sensing applications. (4+6)
Ans:
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualization using maps and 3D scenes. With this unique capability, GIS reveals deeper insights into data, such as patterns, relationships, and situations - helping users make smarter decisions.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft). Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
The different remote sensing applications are:
- Land use mapping - Remote sensing data is useful in obtaining up-to-date land use pattern of large areas at any given time and also monitor changes that occur from time to time. It can be used for updating road maps, asphalt conditions, and wetland delineation. This information is used by regional planners and administrators to frame policy matters for all-round development of the region.
- Weather Forecasting - Remote sensing is extensively used for weather forecasting. It is also used to warn people about impending cyclones.
- Environmental study - It can be used to study deforestation, degradation of fertile lands, pollution in atmosphere, desertification, eutrophication of large water bodies and oil spillage from oil tankers.
- Study of natural hazards - Remote sensing can be used to study damages caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, floods and melting of ice in polar regions. Many times remote sensing will be helpful to predict the occurrence of natural hazards.
- Resource exploration - Remote sensing data is helpful for updating existing geological maps, rapid preparation of lineament and tectonic maps, identifying the sites for quarrying the minerals and helpful in locating fossil fuel deposits.
- Transport - Remote sensing can be used in transportation sectors also. It can be used for airlines route planning, transportation planning and modeling.
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